Пробний тест на лексику TOEFL

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

1. The word finite in the passage is closest in meaning to

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

2. The word allocate is closest in meaning to

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

3. The word facilitate is closest in meaning to

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

4. The word subsequent is closest in meaning to

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

5. The word they in “they often foster a sense of collective ownership” refers to

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

6. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits of community gardens EXCEPT

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

7. Which sentence below best expresses the meaning of the highlighted sentence “Nonetheless, city officials … protective fences”?

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

8. The word arbitrary is closest in meaning to

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

9. The word inhibit is closest in meaning to

(Social sciences, 159 words)

Urban community gardens have multiplied in many metropolitan areas over the past decade. These small plots, often located on vacant lots, allow residents to cultivate vegetables and herbs collaboratively. Although the space available is finite, gardeners carefully allocate their resources, rotating crops and sharing tools. The gardens also facilitate social cohesion: weekend workdays draw neighbors who might otherwise remain strangers. Subsequent surveys indicate that participants report increased physical activity and improved diets. Because the plots are shared, they often foster a sense of collective ownership. Nonetheless, city officials sometimes impose arbitrary regulations that inhibit expansion, such as caps on the height of protective fences. This restriction can discourage new volunteers from joining.

10. The phrase This restriction in the last line refers to

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

11. The word barren in the passage is closest in meaning to

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

12. The word deposit is closest in meaning to

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

13. The word pioneering is closest in meaning to

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

14. The word persist is closest in meaning to

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

15. The word dominant is closest in meaning to

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

16. The word inherent is closest in meaning to

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

17. The phrase This insight in the last line refers to

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

18. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a contributor to island formation or development?

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

19. According to the passage, all of the following occur during ecological succession EXCEPT

(Earth science, 152 words)

Volcanic islands form when magma from Earth’s mantle breaches the ocean floor. As lava cools, it solidifies, gradually constructing a new landmass. The resulting ecosystems are initially barren; however, wind and water soon deposit organic matter that allows pioneering species to establish. These organisms, often lichens and hardy grasses, persist in harsh conditions. Over time, a dominant forest can emerge, supporting diverse fauna. Scientists value such islands because they serve as a natural laboratory for observing ecological succession. This insight is inherent in many conservation strategies; researchers assume that comparable processes operate in continental environments as well.

20. Which sentence below best expresses the meaning of the highlighted sentence “Scientists value such islands … ecological succession”?

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

21. The word myriad in the passage is closest in meaning to

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

22. The word depletes is closest in meaning to

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

23. The word defer is closest in meaning to

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

24. The word heuristics is closest in meaning to

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

25. The word devise is closest in meaning to

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

26. The word pertinent is closest in meaning to

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

27. The word subsequent (in Passage 3) is closest in meaning to

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

28. The phrase this effect in “To mitigate this effect” refers to

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

29. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible reaction to too many choices?

(Psychology / Business, 156 words)

Every day consumers encounter a myriad of choices, from selecting breakfast cereal to comparing insurance plans. Psychologists argue that repeated decision-making depletes mental resources, a phenomenon known as decision fatigue. When confronted with too many alternatives, individuals may defer the choice entirely or rely on heuristics. To mitigate this effect, some online retailers devise streamlined interfaces that present only the most pertinent options. Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus not only accelerate purchases but also boost customer satisfaction.

30. Which sentence below best expresses the meaning of the highlighted sentence “Subsequent analysis shows that simplified menus … satisfaction”?